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Computer and Technology Enhanced Hypnotherapy and Psychotherapy.
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See also: Virtual reality exposure therapy
Flooding is a behavioural therapy technique in which a patient is flooded or intensely exposed with a specific experience until they either become averse or numbed to that experience. The experience may be doing or not doing a specific behaviour, or direct exposure to something that is feared in the case of phobias or that which is overly desired in the case of compulsions eg smoking. Flooding can also be applied to specific aspects of traumatic memories. [Ref]
In all cases exposure is maintained at an intense level in the absence of relaxation until the level of anxiety or desire naturally reduces. Flooding is an example of Classical Conditioning and can be conducted in vivo or in vitro (in reality / in the real world or in the imagination). [Ref]
In many cases in vivo (real world) implementation of flooding is impractical or simply unsafe. This could for example be the case for example when treating a medically discharged soldier for battle fatigue / PTSD, or when working with those that self-harm. In such cases a less direct method of exposure would be strongly advantageous. One option is to expose a patient to digital or physical photographic images in an intense manner. [Ref] [Ref]
The probable application of this form of computer based flooding / implosion therapy include desensitisation of memories, installation of aversion, reducing food, alcohol and drug based compulsions, reducing fears related to specific objects or animals, reducing the blush response in cases where excessive blushing has become associated with specific words or images. The approach lies somewhere between in vivo and in vitro styles.
Flooding is however not without risk - there is a danger of (re)traumatisation. The most common problem is that therapists or patients discontinue the approach before the level of anxiety or desire has had an opportunity to naturally reduce or abate. This early termination can leave the patient in a sensitised state of hyper arousal that may complicate later therapeutic interventions or lead to the premature termination of therapy altogether. For this reason informed patient consent is vitally important to ensure that the process is allowed to complete. Even with informed patient consent there is no absolute guarantee that the level of disturbance or desire will diminish. Hence, particularly when working with traumatic memories or fears, flooding should be employed carefully. In most cases flooding should be used as an intervention of last resort having tried other approaches without success first.
An exception to this general rule might be where aversion is the goal of the process, in which case the end result may justify the means in order to limit further harm. Aversion through flooding or by any other means should be considered from an ethical perspective whereby the therapist may need to balance the potential damage that may result from the continuance of the behaviour versus the potential risks due to the therapeutic process itself.
A more common place role for flooding is as a training and conditioning tool. This form of flooding is part of military, special forces, police, police armed unit, air pilot, air crew and fire / ambulance training programmes. In most cases in vivo experiences are simulated to ensure that trainees can cope effectively in high stress or otherwise distressing situations. In the case of pilot training and ongoing evaluation computer based simulations have become the "norm" in many parts of the world. [Ref] [Ref]
To install aversive responses:
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De-traumatisation
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De-sensitisation
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In cases where the danger of retraumatisation is too great a gentler, more gradual approach to exposure therapy tends to be adopted. The title for this broad category of approaches is often referred to as "systemic desensitisation".
See also systemic desensitisation.
In vivo flying desensitisation through the use of virtual reality environments has also seen some success, but is slightly more limited given the high cost of the specialised equipment. [Ref]. Virtual reality flooding (exposure therapy) approaches have also been used in the treatment of combat related PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Veterans from the Vietnam [Ref] and Iraq conflicts [Ref] have taken part in promising early trials. [Ref]
Simpler alternatives to virtual reality are clearly viable. For example therapists could make use of multi media presentations that combine static images or videos and related sounds in such a way that combat scenarios can be emulated. This approach would not require investment in virtual reality systems and would therefore be easier to implement en-mass. Washington University treated 9/11 survivors with virtual reality simulations and also released video footage for therapists without access to the University's extensive virtual reality resources and systems. [Ref]
One of the earliest therapeutic uses of virtual reality was in the treatment of phobias including flying, spider and height phobias. Exposure can be gradual enabling systemic or gradual desensitisation, or could feasibly be used to implement flooding approaches. [Ref]
Multimedia compilations are also available to assist in the treatment of combat / war related trauma. The combat experience is simulated by providing a number of graded categories of media to choose from in order to gradually desensitise to traumatic stimuli. Such media can be utilised within flooding or systemic desensitisation approaches. [Ref]
Virtual reality has also been used in the treatment of agoraphobia (fear of being in open spaces / fear of loss of control in open spaces (public) / fear of having a panic attack in public) [Ref] [Ref] and public transport phobias. [Ref]
To treat phobias and fears:
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De-traumatisation
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De-sensitisation
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See also: Virtual reality exposure therapy / Flooding / EMDR / Computer-assisted exposure (CAE) treatment
Systemic gradual desensitisation exposure therapy, or systemic desensitisation, is a behavioural therapy that involves modifying behaviours by constructing a hierarchy of anxiety producing stimuli and then gradually presenting them to a patient until they do not generate anxiety. During the process the therapist actively supports the patient and encourages relaxation. The reverse approach tends to be adopted in the case of traditional flooding desensitisation whereby the stress response is allowed to extinguish itself naturally. [Ref] [Ref]
The hierarchy is known variously as the Subjective Units of Disturbance / Distress / Urge Scale (SUDS) and tends to be numerical eg 0 to 10, or 1 to 100; or sometimes visual as is the case with the Wong Baker scale for children when adapted for use with anxiety / distress. [Ref] [Ref] Numerical responses lend themselves well to computerisation and can be used to enable effective user interaction during the therapeutic process.
Technologies used for flooding can be easily utilised for systematic desensitisation therapy simply by flooding gradually in accordance with a hierarchy as per systematic desensitisation. [Ref] This approach is also sometimes known as graded exposure. [Ref]
The stimuli may be presented in the imagination (in vitro) or in the real world (in vivo). Early in vivo use of technology to assist with systematic desensitisation therapy included the use of graded photographic images, videos and drawings. [Ref]
Early web technology based approaches simply grouped image and audio stimuli into categories which would then be presented to the user. The disadvantage of this approach is that stimuli hierarchies are highly individual and media that would be low on one person's hierarchy might be high on another person's hierarchy. [Ref]
Computer assisted approaches evolved over time as multi media computer technologies matured. One method was to use a multimedia computer to gradually present a user selected image that was initially so small that it was almost invisible. Over time the image is made larger as the level of anxiety produced decreased. [Ref]
Vivo is a freeware product and is also part of the product "Flooder" detailed above. The ability to play audio from within the product is not present in Vivo, but is present in Flooder.
More advanced implementations used the processing power of computers to enable interaction and dialogue. Methods of distributing such media included via the Internet, CD-ROMs and interactive DVDs. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
Some NLP Techniques such as the Map Across or Swish techniques utilise interactive computer animations to generate computer based utilities that can be used as part of a systemic desensitisation programme. In cases where the imagery is defined by the user or therapist this type of approach may be particularly effective by combining several psychotherapeutic techniques into one overall approach. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
Self help DVD's were available that in effect used the DVD format as an alternative to video ie with little or no user interaction. (DVDs allow interaction by allowing the user to navigate in a structured manner through a network of interrelated video clips). [Ref]
Virtual reality exposure therapy can enable moderately to highly realistic stimuli exposure, potentially with the user being able to control the extent of exposure. From the perspective of systematic desensitisation therapy this realism can be both an advantage as well as a disadvantage depending on how gradual the stimuli presentation is. Virtual reality systems tend to have preset scenes through which the user navigates. As with all forms of media presentation if the scenes do not cover the entire range of possible categories on the SUDS scale then the approach may be limited and / or insufficiently flexible. If the scenes are too realistic and presented too early there is the same danger of (re)traumatisation that is present with flooding. [Ref] [Ref]
The conclusion of all forms of exposure therapy should be literal in vivo (in reality) exposure, unless that exposure might result in physical harm eg as might be the case with a (legitimate) fear of poisonous snakes. In most cases in vitro (in the imagination) exposure should be working towards this goal to overcome the avoidance that maintains the phobic response. In the case of flying phobia this might involve taking a specially organised flight. [Ref]
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing) can be used as a systemic desensitisation tool depending on the protocols being used. (See EMDR section for further information).
To treat phobias and fears:
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that involves the modification of cognitions (thoughts), assumptions, beliefs and behaviours in order to resolve emotional and behavioural problems. These include depression and a wide range of anxiety based issues such as OCDs. CBT evolved from Behavioural Therapy, Cognitive Therapy and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy and is probably the most common "mainstream" therapeutic approach in use today.
Techniques used within CBT are numerous and include diary keeping, scaling feelings over time, writing thoughts down, documenting behaviours, tasking generally, relaxation, distraction, questioning ways of thinking, evaluating and believing, reversing avoidance gradually and changing behaviours with or without changing underlying thinking patterns. CBT can used on a one to one basis, or with groups. [Ref]
CBT is very well suited to computerisation because it is so textual and logical. As a result CBT has influenced many self help resources including books, DVDs, interactive websites and software systems.
The logical flow within a CBT application might look something like the following:
Quite complex logical can be built up by expanding upon this very simple logical format. The more advanced the interaction becomes the more personalised the experience will be for the end user. In an advanced application the user might be asked to complete questionnaires that are evaluated programmatically to determine if the person is more anxious or depressed.
A few the software and web based resources currently available include "MoodGYM", "Beating the Blues", "Good Days Ahead", "COPE" and "Overcoming" for the treatment of mild and moderate depression, and "FearFighter" or "OCFighter" for the treatment of phobias and OCDs, and "The Stress and Anxiety Manager" for the treatment of stress and anxiety. Some, but not all, have NICE approval (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence). [Ref]
The programme is part of a clinical trial and before and after data is collected. Treatment is provided via animated speaking Flash characters, Flash animations to support the dialogue, downloadable audio files and online EMDR.
https://www.changingstates.co.uk/stress_anxiety_treatment_online.html [Ref]
The site uses a series of questionnaires or quizzes with contextually appropriate advice at regular intervals based on quiz results and self comparison to positive and negative archetypal or stereotypical personality types. The character "NOPROBLEMOS" for example is described as "one of those people who are genuinely happy, self fulfilled, loves life, is content".
The quizzes are split into a number of modules including 'preliminary quizzes', 'feelings module', 'thoughts module', 'unwarping module', 'de-stressing module', 'relationships module' which seek to target different aspects of anxiety and depression.
Access to the resource is not free as such given that referral must be via a patient's GP or mental health worker. The area's Primary Care Trust then pays for that patient's access to the beatingtheblues.co.uk website via an activation code. [Ref] [Ref]
"Beating the Blues" makes use of interactive Flash animations with voice-overs and includes filmed case studies of actors playing the roles of fictional patients to demonstrate the symptoms of anxiety and depression.
The actors also show how to use self-help CBT techniques such as relaxation via controlled breathing (see screenshot to right). Over the course of the eight session treatment patients are able to print off summary progress reports to show to their GPs. [Ref]
A major disadvantage of interactive websites that feature video feeds as a substantial part of the service offering is that this almost requires good quality broadband access to the internet. If the speed of internet access is insufficient user may experience long pauses, video juddering or skipping and sometimes system failure.
The unavailability of web based resources as demonstrated by the "Overcoming depression" website does reveal some of the pitfalls of web based media. The most important of which is that the resource may not be available when a patient needs it most. Other issues include technical compatibility from the outset and compatibility over time given that browsers can update themselves without user intervention.
Although DVDs do eliminate the need for high speed, reliable internet connections they tend to have greatly reduced interactive abilities. DVDs are also prone to scratch damage that may render the DVD unusable. The video quality afforded by the DVD format is however excellent.
The patient identifies problems to work through, defines outcome goals and is guided through the process of attaining those goals through a process of gradual exposure self therapy. [Ref]
As is the case with all therapies there is a risk that the patient will discontinue therapy before the conclusion of the programme. Whilst this can also be the case with one to one therapy the risk is probably increased without the ongoing supervision that is present within the nature of one to one therapeutic relationships. Solutions that require GP involvement may provide this external encouragement if the GP has the time and willingness to monitor ongoing progress.
To summarise there are broadly three categories of interactive CBT self-help support available:
All of the categories are interactive to a greater or lesser extent and provide supporting reading material as part of the service. It is interesting to note that, in the UK at least, access to the resources often requires GP approval. It may be the case that this elevates the value that patients attribute to the service ie restricting supply to increase demand.
Other resources:
Some products are designed for use by therapists rather than for use by patients. These include practice management and patient communication software products. Practice management software products include features such as billing, standard letter production and session records. Patient communication products handle appointment scheduling and reminding. One example is Practice Magic from Cornucopia Software. These administrative programs are beyond the scope of this paper because they are not directly involved in the provision of therapy. [Ref]
One of the most common tasks that CBT therapists engage in is tasking itself - at the end of most sessions the therapist gives the patient a list of things to do. This process is known as tasking.
Although tasking can be automated the disadvantage of this approach is that it has the potential to reduce the level of personal intervention on the part of the therapist. This could be construed by the patient as a lack of due care and attention to their needs and wants. Also, some therapists deliberately want their patients to take responsibility for the generation of their own task list. For some patients with poor memory retention as might be the case with anxiety or depression it may be impractical to expect them to exactly remember tasks communicated verbally during the therapy session.
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Counselling can be defined as a confidential, short-term, semi-therapeutic interpersonal relationship to help those that are essentially psychologically healthy through emotionally challenging times. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
There are a wide variety of counselling approaches that are more or less therapeutic in nature. Psychodynamic counselling for example is highly directive and based on the theory that issues are rooted in the past, whereas more humanistic Rogerian approaches are highly un-directive and are very much more driven by the individual needs of the patient. [Ref]
Common aspects of counselling include an interpersonal relationship and dialogue that allows the patient to express themselves openly and confidentially. Online counselling has been available for some time and simply involves a counsellor using eMail and or the telephone as an alternative to face to face counselling. [Ref]
Traditional uses of technology within counselling include the use of DVDs, simple informational websites, websites that contain informational video content eg www.kpcoach.org [Ref].
Beyond this, forms of counselling that employ technology without the direct presence of a human therapist are much less common than human based approaches but do exist.
A very early form of computer based counselling was in the form of Eliza. Eliza was a computer program developed in the late 60s that provided a "parody" of "the responses of a non-directional psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview." It used simple programming techniques to incorporate user responses into questions eg "I have a headache" would result in "Tell me more about your headache" or "Can you elaborate on that?" if the word headache was not understood. Users were however able to detect that there was little or no "thought" behind the process very quickly. Click here to experience a simulation of the Eliza effect. [Ref] [Ref]
In the real world the simplest form of interactive virtual counselling can simply involve asking questions via a web-form and providing different advice depending on the responses provided. The advice can sometimes incorporate the responses given by the user eg their name. Some websites for example provide this type of service eg in relation to alcohol consumption. [Ref]
This method of providing interaction can be extended to telephone based services and can be used as part of stand alone applications. One historical example is an early product known as UCANSTOP that was designed as an alcohol counselling resource. A current provider of the product mentioned could not be found at the time of writing.
Research into the field of truly virtual counselling has been ongoing for many years. In the 1980s for example the Dilemma counselling system "Dilemma counselling system" was proposed. More recently there has been research conducted by the University of Dundee on the use of computers to make computer based interviewing more effective and realistically interactive. It was unclear at the time of writing if this research had evolved into a viable current product. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
Advances in natural language processing, artificial intelligence and expert systems since the 1990s have held much promise but there are very few easily identifiable examples of such systems being actively used in the provision of virtual counselling services. [Ref]
A potentially promising collaboration between British Telecom and onlinecounsellors.co.uk resulted in what may have been a viable counselling related use of avatars, but the service had been discontinued at the time of writing. [Ref]
Recent innovations in emotion detection have enabled call centres to detect frustration or annoyance through the analysis of customers' speech patterns. Although still very costly it is likely that this technology could be adapted for use by computer based "counsellors" to detect change over time during the course of the session in order to display an appropriate facial expression for example. [Ref]
In the future it is probable that improvements in language processing, voice recognition, artificial intelligence and distributed knowledge bases will make the automated dissemination of advice and realistic counselling interactions more economically feasible. This form of "front line" initial response could serve as an effective precursor to one to one therapy with a human therapist. The combined technology is present at the current time but demand may be insufficient to warrant the substantial investment required to build the required knowledge databases.
It is probable that computer based expert systems can be developed to make use of NLP meta modelling style questioning techniques. Such systems could deconstruct a patient's conversational patterns and respond with standard meta model questions that are designed to generate insight. An early experimental form of this approach was developed by www.neuroinnovations.com [Ref] [Ref]
One factor that is highly likely to inhibit demand is a general dislike of the "call centre" / "automated telephone system" approach to human computer interaction. If however the technology matures to the point of delivering services that deliver genuine value rather than frustration, then this generally negative perception may change.
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Aversion therapy can be defined as a psychotherapeutic technique in which a patient is exposed to a overly desired stimulus and at the same time also exposed to some form of discomfort. The discomfort may be physical or psychological, examples include drugs that generate nausea or a series of disgusting images. The objective of the process is to generate a conditioned response so that when the overly desired stimulus is encountered it generates a sense of aversion. In turn this can change behaviours. Aversion makes use of innate survival responses present within all animals. [Ref] [Ref]
Aversion is typically used as a technique of last resort for use when other approaches have failed to generate the desired change in behaviour. In most cases aversion requires the buy-in or active agreement of the patient. If this agreement is not present the patient may choose to ignore the resulting sense of eg disgust and proceed with the unwanted behaviour anyway. This reaction is sometimes the case with advanced substance abuse cases. Aversion is generally regarded as relatively ineffective as the sole treatment for addictions, in part this is because the aversive response is typically short-lived. [Ref] [Ref]
Another problem associated with aversion is that different people react to different stimuli in different ways. Whilst the smell of an ash tray might be a nauseous experience for one person someone else might have no reaction at all to exactly the same smell. Ironically aversion tends to be least effective with those that "need" it most, in part because they have already desensitised themselves to aversive stimuli. None the less aversion does have a role to play even if that role is simply as part of an overall range of solutions. This will certainly be case with addictions in cases where "everything" is thrown at the problem in order to improve overall success rates and to prevent further harm.
A variety of technological approaches have been used to assist in aversion therapy. In the 1970's electric shocks were experimented with but the practice is rare at the current time given the potential risks to physical health involved. Drugs that generate nausea eg in the presence of alcohol (emetics such as antabuse) are still prescribed by GPs on a regular basis. Drugs that block the effects of consumption of drugs and alcohol are available - these include Naltrexone. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
Some products intended for health education can be indirectly aversive. Examples might include moulded replica's of human fat, aversive images on cigarette packs, and educational videos that communicate health warnings in an aversive way. These approaches may be affective because they re-associate consequences with behaviours. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
Modern multimedia PC systems can provide an effective delivery method to present aversive stimuli in the forms of images and sounds. The number of products that make use of this capability is limited because the market is very small. This is in part because therapists are sometimes reluctant to use aversion as a matter of course, patients also tend to be averse to aversion because (by definition) it tends to be unpleasant.
Aversive multimedia (generally images and sounds) can be integrated into a number of psychotherapeutic techniques including:
The following images are from an EMDR software product and show images of food (in these examples a chocolate cake) being associated with images of maggots or excreta).
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Despite the lack of success attributed to aversive techniques aversion remains a core aspect of Government health education campaigns.
In the future it is likely that aversion will persist as a tool to call upon in cases where other treatments have been unsuccessful. A combination of drug based and therapy based aversive protocols may result in improved success rates.
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Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy can be defined as a therapeutic approach to facilitate the rapid resolution of traumas or distressing events such as assault, combat and rape. In practical terms this means that a patient is asked to think about an aspect of an experience at the same time as moving their eyes from left to right, or listening to sounds that track from left to right, or experiencing shoulder or knee taps that again track from left to right. In summary the patient thinks about something specific and experiences one or more forms of bilateral stimulation at the same time. Bilateral stimulation is anything that tracks left to right and back again. The patient is treated in accordance with a logical, step wise protocol and is asked to rank their level of disturbance on a scale at regular intervals during the process. [Ref]
The term "Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing" was first coined by Francine Shapiro in the 1990s. [Ref] The psychotherapeutic technology of using eye movements and or bilateral stimulation greatly predates Shapiro's works. These include eye movement research in the 1960s that influenced NLP eye accessing cue theories, NLP techniques such as the Swish or Map Across techniques, and hypnotherapy techniques such as systematic hypno desensitisation. Additionally substantial aspects of CBT are clearly employed during the treatment process such as distraction, systemic desensitisation, flooding desensitisation and Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUDS) ranking over time. [Ref]
It was originally proposed that the patient should track their therapists fingers, or listen to sounds generated by mechanical clicking devices operated by the therapist manually. By virtue of the close proximity of the therapist to the patient during treatments traditional methods certainly raised physical boundary issues. There are also physical dangers to the therapist that can result from the movements themselves eg repetitive strain injury.
Perhaps as a result of some of these issues a variety of technologies emerged to automate EMDR therapy. In fact so many products and technologies were produced that the market was in effect saturated. As this happened interest in EMDR as a "new" therapy naturally waned as EMDR therapy matured and lost the "novelty" factor. Those technologies included the following:
Perhaps the first attempt to automate EMDR was when bilateral audio CDs were produced. Simple audio CDs enable very easy access to bilateral auditory stimulation via any CD player. The most obvious disadvantage is that there is limited control over the speed of the left-right tracking and there is no visual stimulation. The quality of the audio and the special effects applied to generate the bilateral effect can however be impressive and certainly very pleasant to listen to. [Ref] Other forms of bilateral audio are less technically sophisticated but none the less provide a simple and portable method of generating bilateral audio. [Ref]
Light-bars generate movement in a straight line that can be adjusted around a central pivotal point. This generates a 360°s; possible tracking paths. The light-bar has to be moved manually by the therapist in order to change the tracking path.
Although designed to be portable these systems tended be quite heavy and cumbersome. Later versions were lighter but remained cumbersome and difficult to transport. Because of the lack of true mass production the cost tended to high as well with a typical device costing in the region of $500 USD. Many are packaged with tactile stimulators.
As a result of the size, weight and portability issues this type of equipment has tended to be used by therapists that use EMDR very extensively within their practice as a primary intervention. Early reliability issues have largely been overcome as the electronics industry has advanced.
As mobile phone "vibration sounding" motors became smaller and more powerful so the tactile tapping devices became smaller and more reliable. (The vibration is typically generated by a small motor that spins an unevenly weighted wheel).
EMDR is very easily computerised and improvements in the basic specification of common PCs have greatly improved the quality of PC based animation. It is animation that generates the visual effect of an object moving across the screen. Auditory bilateral stimulation is provided via multimedia speakers or headphones, and kinaesthetic stimulation can be provided by using one of the physical tapping products listed above.
The standard features that most software based EMDR products provide are:
A notable difference between software based and light-bar based EMDR systems is the extent of the left-right tracking (with the light-bar or screen at the same distance from the patient). Essentially light-bars tend to be wider than most computer screens, hence to obtain the same extent of tracking the computer screen would need to be very close to the patient. It is however not proven that the extent of tracking has a significant impact on the outcome of the therapeutic process. Some EMDR software users obviate this problem by using projectors or wide-screens.
Another difference is that software can generate tracking path changes very much more easily during the course of therapy. The tracking paths themselves can also deviate away from simple straight lines and can incorporate circular, oval and other more complex motions.
When the tracking path does not have to pass through a point of origin it is possible to track at the top, middle and bottom of the screen. As per NLP eye accessing cue theory this means that different modalities can be accessed very rapidly only by changing the tracking path. The top of the screen accesses visual thinking, the middle of the screen auditory thinking and the bottom of the screen accesses kinaesthetic thinking. This means that there is no need for tactile pulsing boxes which can be difficult to operate and utilise effectively.
Auditory stimulation is provided via the ability to select a wave "beep" file which is played in the left or right hand speakers whenever the object tracking across the screen reaches the left or right hand sides of the screen.
Visual stimulation is provided by allowing the user to select an icon or an image file in bitmap format. If a bitmap format image file is selected the user is expected to ensure that the image is of a reasonable size. If the image is larger than about 50% of the screen width it is automatically resized so it fits on the screen.
The tracking object can move in lines using 4 preset trajectories ie up / down, left / right, top left / bottom right, bottom left / top right. Tracking speed is also adjustable.
They were not contactable at the time of writing.
EMDR Pro is optionally part of a much larger product known as the "Therapists Toolkit". [Ref] The "Therapists Toolkit" brings a variety of psychotherapeutic methods together into one overall product. These methods include EMDR itself, NLP, aversion, bilateral audio, EFT (the emotional freedom technique) and hypnotherapy. NLP techniques include the map across technique and the Swish technique.
Computer controlled Tactile units are available from Neuro Innovations that operate with or without the presence of EMDR Pro.
Other EMDR software products include those designed simply to generate bilateral auditory stimulation. This can be generated "on the fly" as audio is being played, or can be applied to a sound file as a "sound effect". The ability to record the audio produced can be present within the application itself or may rely upon external third party freeware solutions to achieve the same objective.
A recording facility was not present within the product itself. However, instructions for recording the bilateral audio to file via free external software were provided on the support website.
Other similar solutions included http://www.alternant.com (download unavailable / site unavailable at the time of writing) http://www.alternant.com/5_Acquiring_the_Irenes/52%20download.asp.
The future of the EMDR technologies is somewhat dependent upon the status of EMDR and the various other eye movement based therapies. Acceptance of EMDR by therapists is limited because there is a deliberate restriction placed upon the communication of EMDR protocols. In practical terms knowledge of EMDR usage is kept in-house within a relatively small community of EMDR therapists. This tends to generate suspicion among other therapists that in turn can lead to scepticism and claims that EMDR is little more than a re-branding of well established CBT techniques.
None the less, despite the very small market, it is likely that eye movement therapy software will continue to be an important tool within a professional therapist's overall toolkit of methods. From a technical perspective it is likely that EMDR will continue to be integrated with other therapeutic methods as demonstrated by the "Therapists Toolkit" from www.neuroinnovations.com.
Probably the least utilised facility (that is provided by current software solutions) is the ability to make use of multi media in the form of background images, tracking object images, background sounds and background voice audio. Although least utilised these features are probably the most likely to leverage greater levels of change from established EMDR protocols and EMDR therapy generally.
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Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) can be defined as a method and philosophy to explain the processes behind human thoughts and behaviours, as well as a large collection of psychotherapeutic tools to change thoughts and behaviours.
NLP was co-founded by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the 1970s. They researched how successful psychotherapists such as Virginia Satir, Milton Erickson and Fritz Perls were able to generate positive therapeutic results. As a result of this research Bandler and Grinder were able to model and combine these processes into a new form of psychotherapy. [Ref]
"NLP is a study of Human Excellence that leaves behind it a trail of tools and techniques" (a quote said to have been made by Richard Bandler)".
It is that "trail of tools and techniques" that computers in particular can help to automate and bring alive. Many of the techniques are relatively visual and can be quite complex for the therapist to explain and for the patient to understand. Perhaps because of this, it is sometimes said that NLP techniques work best with those that have attended some form of NLP training!
The most frequently used NLP techniques include:
(A possible criticism of any computerised version of any NLP technique is that it potentially prevents the patient from accessing and developing their powers of visualisation and imagination. This downside must however be balanced against the substantial time savings of being able to visually demonstrate the technique to the patient).
The Map Across technique maps the modalities of something that is eg liked into the modalities of something that is eg disliked. A modality could be an associated feeling, image, or sound. When something that is disliked is mapped into something that is liked the effect is aversive. (See section on aversion). When the approach is reverse the technique can be used to undo aversive responses.
Computer based methods of demonstrating the Map Across technique have been on the market for some time now. One example is the aversive set of products available from www.neuroinnovations.com [Ref] [Ref]
As with all aversive techniques substantial client buy in is required, the effect may be short lived, it is possible to become desensitised to aversive stimuli during the course of therapy and some people may be highly desensitised to aversive stimuli from the outset.
The Swish technique is can be used as an alternative to the Map Across technique and also tends to map the sub modalities of one thing into another. The method is quite visually dynamic and involves images moving from left to right and from the foreground to the horizon and back again. Consequently the Swish technique in particular can benefit from computerisation at very least to explain the convoluted process to the patient. [Ref]
Optionally the use can specify their own images (lite and pro versions) and sounds (pro version only) to customise the process to the individual.
The software is an interactive animation in the case of the lite version and a full stand-alone application in the case of the pro version.
NLP anchoring is a powerful and very kinaesthetic and involves a specific feeling being conditioned or strongly associated with a cue such as a word or two fingers being pressed together. It is most commonly used to condition strong resourceful feelings such as confidence, strength, happiness and even aversive responses. The stimulus response cycle has to be repeated very many times in order for the response to be sufficiently conditioned. A product was in development by www.neuroinnovations.com covering NLP anchoring at the time of writing, Other software based solutions were not identified. There were some DVD and video based resources available. [Ref]
The NLP "Fast Phobia Technique (Cure)" is a dissociative method that has been used to treat phobias and traumatic past experiences.
The process involves imagining sitting in the middle of a cinema and seeing on the cinema screen an image of one's self. The patient then floats up to the projection booth where they can see themselves sitting in the middle of the cinema and also see themselves projected as a still image on the cinema's screen. They then play the eg traumatic memory as a black and white movie at normal speed. Then they step into the image on the screen and turn the movie into a full colour move and rewind it very quickly back to the beginning such that they experience everything happening in reverse. Finally they float back to the projection booth and the therapist asks them to rank their current level of disturbance when thinking about the memory on a SUDS scale. [Ref]
A variety of audio and DVD / video based products are available to demonstrate the technique to patients in advance of actioning the process in the imagination. It is probably very important that the patient actions the process in their imagination in order for therapeutic change to occur. [Ref] [Ref]
An animated interactive method of demonstrating the Fast Phobia Technique was in development by www.neuroinnovations.com at the time of writing. Other software based solutions were not identified.
NLP coaching typically calls upon NLP meta-modelling questioning combined with many NLP techniques and a generally solution or goal focused approach. Although easily automated market demand has been insufficient to justify a full stand-alone application. A stand alone application was developed and released by www.changemechanics.com in 2004 but was withdrawn from the market due to lack of demand a web based version of the product was available for some time afterwards but also appears to have been abandoned. (See screen shot above).
Other attempts to automate meta model questioning were also developed at around the same time eg by neuroinnovations.com but were also abandoned. [Ref]
Use by patients is limited and not the intended audience or market.
It is probable that NLP meta modelling style questioning patterns will be quietly merged into interactive counselling and guidance systems because the language patterns are so predictable and can be very subtle.
NLP as a movement has is probably now had its day and interest does appear to be reducing over time. This will have an impact on demand and the willingness of developers to invest in a small and receding market. A resurgence of interest could change this situation.
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Thought Field Therapy is an unusual psychotherapeutic technique developed by American psychologist Roger Callahan. The process involves tapping on various meridian points in a specific order. The tapping sequence is referred to as an algorithm. A number of algorithms have been developed to treat different issues including anxiety, depression and trauma. [Ref] [Ref]
Because the tapping sequence can be quite complex it may be advantageous to use a computer to guide the user through the algorithm telling them where to tap and how many times to tap. If the technique works only because of distraction and the engagement of logical mental processes then computerisation could be disadvantageous. If the process works as claimed then the reverse would be true. [Ref]
No other software products were identified. Simple audio CDs and DVDs may be available.
Market demand for TFT software is thought to be very minimal. Thought Field Therapy techniques may however become integrated into other products.
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When we are exposed to low and very low frequency sounds there appears to be a direct psychological effect. Different frequencies seem to generate different effects: [Ref]
It is however very difficult to generate these frequencies using standard audio equipment such as CD player stereo systems or computers. A typical sound card in a computer can generate sound that is eg 30 Hz or higher, speakers and headphones can have low frequency thresholds of eg 48 Hz. This means that if the speakers cannot generate sounds that are lower than 48 Hz a CD containing low frequency audio sounds would be totally silent. [Ref] To directly generate these low frequencies requires specialised equipment. [Ref]
To circumvent this technical limitation an approach was developed that generated the same effect, but that used audible sound. The sound is generated by the brain itself when different tones are played to each ear at the same time. The strength of the tone is varied at a low frequency (known as amplitude modulation) and low frequency sound is perceived as a pulse or beat. This effect is known as "binaural beats". [Ref] [Ref]
"If a pure tone of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei".
A related concept is that of brainwave entrainment which involves generating binaural beats that gradually change their frequency over time. Brainwave patterns seems to follow the frequency as it changes if the level of change is slow enough. Typical uses are to generate relaxation in which case the frequency might start at 40 Hz (alert) and descend 20 4 Hz (deeply relaxed). [Ref]
Binaural beats audio can be used by hypnotherapists as background audio, for self hypnosis purposes, for meditation and to mask other sounds.
A number of software products have been developed that generate binaural beats and enable brainwave entrainment:
In comparison with the eg Neuro Programmer the sound is slightly harsher and more difficult to listen to unless the sound is merged into eg music as recommended by the developers.
The sound produced was software than generated by GNAural and installation was easier than was the case with GNAural.
The overall design is suitable for novice computer users and help windows guide new users through the process of using the system.
A session editor is also present but can be difficult to use. This is true of all of the session editors reviewed and simply reflects the learning curve associated the relatively technical task of generating sessions in the first instance.
This product also enables the user to easily incorporate hypnotherapeutic audio from within the product itself.
Binaural beat audio is not for everyone and a session that would result in deep relaxation for one person can have no effect on another. This may in part be because of the quality of the audio equipment being used. High quality headphones tend to generate the best effects for the greatest number of people. However, when binaural audio works it does appear to be effective.
It is probable that speaker technology will become better at reproducing low frequencies. Sub-woofers have already pushed the low frequency boundary down to around 20 Hz. [Ref] This trend is likely to continue as sound cards and multi-media sounds systems evolve. This evolution will be driven by the gaming and home cinema markets. When low frequency audio "sound" can be generated directly, and at reasonable cost, a new era of therapeutic solutions will probably evolve. [Ref] [Ref]
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Biofeedback can be defined as collection of technologies that enable a person to see or hear internal biological functions such as the heart rate in real-time. Neuro feedback allows a person to see or hear brain or neurological activity in real-time. Real time simply means that the feedback is provided as the biological response is being measured. [Ref] [Ref]
The bodily processes that are frequently measured are:
Bio and neuro feedback helps a patient to see psychotherapeutic techniques in action and can prove to them that they are in control and that the techniques do work. Bio feedback is most useful when working with stress and stress related issues, or issues that are complicated by stress including depression and hypertension.
Current solutions can be divided into two broad categories:
The simplest and earliest form of handheld biofeedback was in the form of stress-dot cards. Stress dots are strips of liquid crystal that change colour depending on how much heat they are exposed to. The same principle is used by some home thermometers. To test your level of stress you simply thumb over the dot and wait for a few seconds. When you release your finger the dot will have changed colour, by comparing the colour against a key you can tell how stressed (or hot/cold) you are. [Ref]
More sophisticated electronic devices measure biological functions such as heart rate and skin resistance. There are a number of advantages to hand held devices over and above portability and cost. These include the positive benefit of not needing to rely on a computer in order to see results.
There is an enormous variety of such products. A few examples include:
(Unusually for hand-held devices there is also the option to use the GRS2 with software so that result can be displayed in real time on a computer screen via their "CalmLink" software package. [Ref]
Computer connected devices are somewhat more sophisticated than their hand held equivalents. A notable issue with this type of product is that compatibility and data capture issues means that they can be difficult to use.
There a many products designed for this purpose. They include:
Comprehensive instructions covering guided meditation and breathing exercises are also part of the package.
Healing Rhythms is an expansion of a product called "Wild Divine". Wild Divine turns the concept of biofeedback into an interactive game whereby the more relaxed a person becomes (and stays) the further they progress through the game. [Ref]
Neuro feedback is currently very expensive and is certainly not a feasible solution for the use of the general public. Several electrodes have to placed carefully around the head and a conductive gel must be applied in between the sensors and the skin. This means that practical problems such as the amount of time required to connect sensors to the scalp can emerge. As a result it is difficult to see how neuro feedback could be utilised within a busy psychotherapy practice where time is money. Another issue associated with Neuro feedback is the high level of skill required in order to interpret results in a meaningful way. There are however a few exceptions including Neurobit Lite (below).
Hemoencephalography may bridge the gap by measuring neurological activity by shining an infrared beam through the head. This can be achieved by using emitters and sensors that can be placed lightly around the head. The costs of HEG machines is still high and machines tend to be almost hand built to order. [Ref] [Ref]
As biofeedback and neuro feedback technologies evolve it is probable that they will become smaller, cheaper and easier to use. This will be most true of neuro feedback devices that are currently difficult to use and can be very expensive. This is in the main because such technologies do not receive the level of investment that would be required to generate a mass produced high-street solution. If the computer gaming market latches onto biofeedback then this position will change very rapidly.
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Thus far we have taken a brief look at technologies that are currently in existence or that will probably become viable in the very near future. There are however forms of technology that may or may not exist at the current time, but that almost certainly will exist in the near future. Technology that is beyond the bleeding edge so to speak. Such technologies probably currently exist only in University departments and military research labs. [Ref]
Therapy rooms of the future may use powerful electro-magnetic fields to generate targeted neurological activity deep within the brain. In very literal terms this type of therapy could reach the parts that other therapies do not reach. This innovation would probably follow on from improvements in brain activity imaging that would allow a functional brain map to be generated for us all. We would all need our own functional brain maps to tell our therapists which areas of our brain were responsible for what function. With a personalised brain-map the magnetic forces could be directed to the right place despite individual variations. [Ref] [Ref]
Therapists of the future may find innovative ways of being with their clients at times of need without being physically present. Television programs have already wired patients for sound so that they can hear their therapist through a headset. Taken a few steps further therapists may use low power ultrasonic waves to provide ongoing instructions totally wirelessly. Ultrasonic waves can carry verbal suggestions that are only "audible" within the brain cavity itself. The patient would need to wear one emitter and the therapist could then broadcast to an entire room using another emitter. The patient would be the only person that could hear the sound because the intersection of the two waves would only be within them. The same approach could be used to convey messages to entire rooms. [Ref] [Ref]
A more invasive innovation would be to embed electronics within the brain itself. Surgeons have already implanted electrodes deep within the brains of severe epileptics, so the precedent has been set. Further down the line we may see embedded communications equipment for the ultimate mobile phone experience. At the touch of an ear lobe we could be able to call upon a virtual therapist for guidance or assistance. [Ref] [Ref]
More practically it is likely that therapy chairs will evolve and they too will be packed with technology as are current gaming chairs. The new era therapy chairs will be able to take real-time biofeedback measurements without needing to attach sensors. They will contain built-in infrasound transducers to flood the body with calming low frequencies and built-in speakers to avoid the therapist needing to speak too loudly. Microphones could monitor the quality of the patients intonation and alert the therapist to distress even before the patient becomes aware of it. When the therapist asks "how do you feel about that spider now on a scale of 1 to 10" they will be able to compare the given verbal response against emotional and biofeedback responses. [Ref]
When we truly value relaxation as a society there will be walk-in relaxation studios on every high street, perhaps even within most work-places. The driver for this change may be caused by a major reduction in flying as massive environmental taxes make flying a luxury rather than the norm. If this were the case we would be more motivated to seek relaxation closer to home.
It is also probably true that computers will increasingly become the front-line providers of automated initial response health services. Arguably the Internet is already serving that purpose to some extent. The future may see diagnostic booths in every GP surgery with a computer taking basic biological readings, asking questions, analysing responses and providing medical and psychological advice. The computer would then refer the case to an appropriate human practitioner as required.
Computer assisted psychotherapy may even become a psychotherapeutic field in its own right. Computer therapy would need to be totally eclectic and draw upon techniques from every field of psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. Because of this it could rise above the field based boundaries that human therapists are prone to. The computer based approach will be psychotherapy in the true sense of the word. That means no field boundaries. No personal preferences. No allegiances to a particular school of thought. Just the right combination of techniques for the right person at the right time, depending on the nature of the issue and the beliefs and values of the person in front of the screen. [Ref] [Ref]
In the real world, although some of the revolutionary changes mentioned above will probably happen one way or another, the evolution will be gradual and incremental.
The reality is that by far the majority of therapists would probably class themselves as computer novices and techno phobes. This implicitly restricts the available market for software and devices for use by psychotherapists, which in turn reduces the amount of investment in these newer technologies and greatly restricts the marketing spend when releasing new products, which means that demand is not stimulated. This is the cycle for an emerging market. The cycle is broken when cluster of innovations become "must have" items. This would motivates therapists to overcome their fears of technology and jump on board because most other therapists are doing so. This generates a cascade of demand and be led by therapists or by the general public.
The general public at large represents a vast market. There are more than six and a half billion of us and about one billion computers. Products that appeal to the general public and that can also be used by therapists are likely to attract the attentions of serious investors. Serious investors are the major corporations of the world such as Microsoft and EA. If they feel that a market can be developed they have the money to re-engineer an all-new world-beating solution. If they need to, they have the power to simply buy-out smaller companies that might compete against their super-product, or that might contain some innovation that they want. It is interesting to note that games producers (eg Nintendo DS) have already begun to target the adult mind-development market by releasing hand-held devices to improve mental skills! [Ref]
Computer assisted psychotherapy and mind-changing products are here to stay. There will come a time when they will be as commonplace within every home as televisions. They will and are increasingly becoming an integral part of the technological infrastructure that we surround ourselves with. So next time you collapse on your sofa complaining of a bad day a pleasant voice from the screen in the corner of the room might just say "I hear you saying that you've day could have been better... Tell me more… I wonder how you can just let those feelings go and allow yourself to relax... How would you have liked your day to have been?"
©Bill Frost 2007 BSc(Hons), PDCHyp, MBSCH
I am affiliated with the following website:
I mention products owned by Neuro Innovations throughout this document only because the primary purpose of Neuro Innovations is to generate this type of software. In all cases where other products have been identifiable they have been listed even if by doing so would involve mentioning a competitor.
When considering computer and technology enhanced or assisted psychotherapy a number of ethical considerations apply to therapists, technology developers and patients or users of that technology. Some of those considerations apply equally to self help resources such as books. [Ref] [Ref] [Ref] [Ref]
Therapists should consider the suitability of a patient before suggesting the use of a particular technical resource. Aspects to consider might include?
To some extent publications to date have largely ignored the use of technology as a therapeutic tool in it's own right for use by therapists during the course of the therapeutic process. The focus of early works was on emerging technologies that were at the time of publication "emergent" such as video conferencing and eMail. This expanded to incorporate the use of the internet for the distributed provision of self help resources and the use of computers as a means of collecting and evaluating psychometric data.
The following sources were identified:
Technology in psychotherapy: an introduction.
Newman MG.
J Clin Psychol. 2004 Feb;60(2):141-5
On the technology of psychotherapy.
Strupp HH.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972 Mar;26(3):270-8.
[Book] Technology in Counselling and Psychotherapy: A Practitioner's Guide
S Goss, K Anthony - 2003
Palgrave Macmillan
Commentary: Computer-Based Interventions in Paediatric Psychology
Journal of Paediatric Psychology 29(4) pp. 269-272, 2004
New and Old Tools in Psychotherapy: The Use of Technology for the Integration of Traditional Clinical Treatments
Castelnuovo, G. Gaggioli, A. Mantovani, F. Riva, G.
PSYCHOTHERAPY -RIVER EDGE- 2003, VOL 40; PART 1/2, pages 33-44
Manual-guided cognitive-behavioral therapy training: a promising method for disseminating empirically supported substance abuse treatments to the practice community.
Morgenstern J, Morgan TJ, McCrady BS, Keller DS, Carroll KM.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2001 Jun;15(2):83-8.
Computer Based Psychotherapy for Treatment of Depression and Anxiety
14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of
Purves
Computer-Based Systems (ECBS'07) pp. 334-338
Computer- and internet-based psychotherapy interventions
Taylor, C. Barr; Luce, Kristine H.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, Volume 12, Number 1, February 2003 , pp. 18-22(5)
The standard interactive DVD format allows for limited interaction sufficient to allow a use to navigate through a small network of video clips. Textual material titles / instructions etc is converted into video format and is treated as another video clip in the network. Interaction is typically limited to "move cursor" and "click". This type of DVD can be played in a standard DVD player or via a computer.
DVDs designed for use with computers only have greater potentials for interaction including the ability to enter textual responses and to record those responses to the user's hard-drive. [Ref]
Another option uses a DVD as a local resource that is called up by a website. This obviates problems associated with broadband speed that greatly affect video via the internet. This method of using a DVD is known as a "web enabled DVD". [Ref]
Websites can be made interactive by the use of programming languages such as JavaScript, PHP, Perl, VBScript, Flash and ASP (to name but a few). They allow for considerable interaction and Flash in particular is an excellent (although complex) web animation tool. [Ref]
There is a wide variety of programming languages that are suitable for the development of stand-alone interactive applications. Such applications are designed to run on a personal computer. (Code that runs within a internet browser or on an internet server is a web based distributed application). [Ref]
Gaming consoles are considerably more advanced than used to be the case. They are now in effect custom computers that have been optimised for multi media gaming use. Applications have to be custom build for each major console on the market which can be a costly process. [Ref]
Full scale Virtual Reality systems combine custom video hardware in the form of headsets with motion simulation technology to emulate reality and high spec computers. The technology is reducing in price but is till relatively costly. VR systems are also technically very complex and can be prone to failure. User interaction is via movement sensors in the headset or in gloves worn by the user. [Ref]
Artificial Intelligence systems are improving and are generally used to make "intelligent guesses" to improve interaction within other, more conventional, systems. Use of AI systems within psychotherapy is relatively limited at the time of writing. [Ref]
See also Natural Language Processing (NLP) below
Natural Language Processing scripting languages enable a user to communicate naturally and for that communication to be "understood" or processed by the computer. This allows the computer to analyse eg a question and to query a database on the basis of its understanding of that question in order to provide relevant answers. NLP also allows for the generation of audio that appears natural even through it is computer generated. [Ref]
See also speech recognition [Ref]
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